Project Publications
| Book 1 | Book 2 | Book 3 | Book 4 | Book 5 | Book 6 | conference articles in journals |
Chapter 3:
Zbierowski, P. (2014). Determinants of Early Internationalization – Empirical Evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor In: Knezevic, B. & Wach, K. (eds), International Business from the Central European Perspective. Zagreb: University of Zagreb Publishing Service.
Full text: pdf
Abstract:
Objective: There is a high variation of
internationalization of SMEs among countries. Moreover, that variable
seems to be stable for most researched countries. That leads me to
assumption that international orientation of SMEs is strongly dependent
on country-level factors. The purpose of the paper is to empirically
define the determinants of early internationalization of SMEs at country
level. The conceptual objective of the paper is to attempt to build a
model of macro-level antecedents of early internationalization.
Research Design & Methods: The international
entrepreneurship research lies on the border of international management
and entrepreneurship and various theories explaining
internationalization have been developed by international
entrepreneurship. I ground my explanation in resource-based view and
population ecology theory and I use cultural, macroeconomic,
institutional, social and demographic variables to explain the variation
in the intensity of early internationalization. I use Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor 2011, 2012 and 2013 data to test the hypotheses
with the use of correlation and multiple regression analysis. The
results of the study bring a few practical recommendations mainly for
policy makers, but also for educators. They include widening the access
to Internet, promoting export activities and reforming the labor market.
Findings: The most important factors determining the
early internationalization of SMEs are the use of Internet, level of
economy’s globalization and export per capita. Other factors are also
important but at a lower level.
Contribution & Added Value: The presented results bring
contribution to entrepreneurship research. Although the literature body
in international entrepreneurship is growing there are very few studies
in that field based on GEM data. Moreover, most studies in international
entrepreneurship focus on factors on micro-level. I try to fill both
those gaps and I argue that Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data
combined with secondary data form a good basis for research in small
business internationalization and especially in born-global start-ups.
Kewords:
early internationalization, international orientation
References:
Acs, ZJ & Szerb, L 2009, The global entrepreneurship Index (GEINDEX), Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, vol. 5, pp. 341-435.
Autio, E & Acs, Z 2007, Individual and country-level determinants of growth aspiration in new ventures, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, vol. 27: article 2.
Autio, E, Pathak, S & Wennberg, K 2013, Consequences of cultural practices for entrepreneurial behaviours, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 334-362.
Autio, E, Sapienza, H & Almeida, J 2000, Effect of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43, pp. 909-924.
Busenitz, LW, Gomez, C & Spencer, JW 2000, Country institutional profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43, pp. 994-1003.
Cannone, G & Ughetto, E 2014, Born globals: A cross-country survey on high-tech start-ups, International Business Review, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 272-283.
Chou, L 2010, Cultural ecology: An environmental factor of born globals’ success, Review of Business Research, vol. 10, pp. 108-114.
Coviello, N & McAuley, A 1999, Internationalization and the smaller firm: A review of contemporary empirical research Management International Review, vol. 13, pp. 223-256.
Dreher, A 2006, Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from a new Index of Globalization, Applied Economics, vol. 38, pp. 1091-1110.
Freeman, S & Cavusgil, ST 2007, Journal of International Marketing, vol. 15, pp. 1-40.
Glavas, C & Mathews, S 2014, How international entrepreneurship characteristics influence Internet capabilities for the international business processes of the firm, International Business Review, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 228-245.
Hitt, MA, Ireland, RD, Camp, S & Sexton, D 2001, Guest editor’s introduction to the special issue: strategic entrepreneurship, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 22, pp. 479-492.
Ibrahim, A.B. & Ellis, W. 2002, Entrepreneurship and small business management. Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
Ibrahim, AB 2004, Internationalization: motive and process, in: L.-P. Dana (ed.) Handbook of research on international entrepreneurship, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 129-136.
Ketkar, S & Acs, Z 2011, Cultural burdens and institutional blessings: Internationalization by SMEs from emerging countries, paper presented at 2011 Academy of Management Annual Meeting, San Antonio.
Mainela, T, Puhakka, V, Servais, P 2014, The concept of international opportunity in international entrepreneurship: A review and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 105-129.
McDougall, PP & Oviatt, B 2000, International entrepreneurship: the intersection of two research paths, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43, pp. 902-906.
Ojala, A & Tyrvӓinen, P 2007, Market Entry and Priority of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Software Industry: An Empirical Analysis of Cultural Distance, Geographic Distance, and Market Size, Journal of International Marketing, 15, pp. 123-149.
Oviatt, B & McDougall, PP 1994, Toward the theory of international new ventures, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 25, pp. 45-62.
Reuber, AR & Fischer, E 2011, International entrepreneurship in internet-enabled markets, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 660-679.
Schlaegel, C, He, X & Engle, R 2013, The direct and indirect influences of national culture on entrepreneurial intentions: A fourteen nation study International Journal of Management, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 597-609.
Valdez, M & Richardson, J 2011, Institutional determinants of macro-level entrepreneurship, paper presented at 2011 Academy of Management Annual Meeting, San Antonio.
Zacharakis, A 1997, Entrepreneurial entry into foreign markets: A transaction cost perspective, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 21, pp. 23-39.
Zahra, SA, Ireland, RD & Hitt, MA 2000, International expansion of new venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning and performance, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43, pp. 925-950.
Zhou, L 2007, The effects of entrepreneurial proclivity and foreign market knowledge on early internationalization, Journal of World Business, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 281-293.
Czech Republic
Hungary
Poland
Slovakia
Contact:
Dr hab. Krzysztof Wach
Cracow University of Economics
wachk@uek.krakow.pl
www.wach.uek.krakow.pl
